The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation offers an unparalleled window into the infancy of our Universe. Generated roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, this faint glow permeates every direction of space. By studying its subtle variations in temperature and polarization, scientists have unlocked clues about the inflationary epoch, the distribution of dark matter, and…
The universe stretches beyond the limits of our imagination, filled with phenomena that challenge our understanding of reality. Among the most compelling are the elusive components known as dark matter and dark energy. Although they make up roughly 95% of the cosmos, their true nature remains veiled in uncertainty. This article delves into the historical…
Spacecraft operating beyond Earth’s atmosphere face a relentless barrage of high-energy particles known as cosmic rays. These particles originate from various sources in the universe and can penetrate spacecraft hulls, posing significant challenges to onboard electronics. Understanding how cosmic rays interact with sensitive components is critical for mission success, satellite longevity, and crew safety in…
