Satellites have become indispensable elements of our global infrastructure, reshaping how we communicate, navigate, and observe Earth. From television broadcasts to emergency response coordination, these orbital platforms deliver a range of services that were once inconceivable. As innovation accelerates, new satellite systems promise to further expand coverage, enhance speed, and reduce costs, unlocking a future…
Spacecraft operating beyond Earth’s atmosphere face a relentless barrage of high-energy particles known as cosmic rays. These particles originate from various sources in the universe and can penetrate spacecraft hulls, posing significant challenges to onboard electronics. Understanding how cosmic rays interact with sensitive components is critical for mission success, satellite longevity, and crew safety in…
Europa, the enigmatic moon orbiting Jupiter, has captured the imagination of planetary scientists and the public alike. Beneath its bright, fractured exterior lies a global ocean that may harbor the conditions necessary for life. Crisscrossed by linear fractures and chaotic terrains, Europa’s surface hints at a dynamic interior powered by tidal interactions with its parent…
