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In this video Paul Andersen shows how carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing a decrease in the pH of the oceans. The carbon dioxide combines with the water to create carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and carbonate anions. Decreased pH leads to lower metabolism and immune response in marine species. Increased bicarbonate makes it difficult to form shells and reefs of calcium carbonate. Music Attribution Intro Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav Artist: CosmicD Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/ Creative Commons Atribution License Outro Title: String Theory Artist: Herman Jolly http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing: CCoil. (2015). English: Space-filling model of part of the crystal structure of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium-carbonate-xtal-3D-SF.png Daviddarom. (1969). English: Coral reef with Pseudanthias squamipinnis, Gulf of Eilat Red Sea. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Eilat_(Red_Sea)_coral_reefs.jpg Dbc334. (2006). English: Molecule of water. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Water_molecule_3D.svg Fairbanks, P. by R. H. University of Alaska. (2004). English: A pelagic pteropod collected during one of the net tows. Species probably Limacina helicina. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LimacinaHelicinaNOAA.jpg Giesecke, R. (2010). English: Limacina rangii (d’Orbigny, 1834) (synonym: Limacina helicina, synonym: Limacina helicina antarctica) from the Lazarev Sea, Antarctic. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Limacina_antarctica.png Jynto, B. M. and. (2009). English: Ball and stick model of the Bicarbonate ion. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bicarbonate-ion-3D-balls.png Laboratory, N. E. V. (2011). English: In laboratory experiments, this pterapod shell dissolved over the course of 45 days in seawater adjusted to an ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg Meiyuchang, K. svg: U. work: (2010). Carbonate system of seawater. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg Mills, J. and B. (2010). Ball and stick model of the carbonic acid molecule. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png NASA/GISS, N. O. (2015). English: This map of the Earth shows surface temperature trends between 1950 and 2014. The key to this map is here. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_showing_surface_temperature_trends_between_1950_and_2014.png Plumbago. (2009). English: Estimated change in annual mean sea surface pH between the pre-industrial period (1700s) and the present day (1990s). Δ pH here is in standard pH units. Calculated from fields of dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) climatology and temperature and salinity from the World Ocean Atlas (2005) climatology using Richard Zeebe’s csys package. It is plotted here using a Mollweide projection (using MATLAB and the M_Map package). Note that the GLODAP climatology is missing data in certain oceanic provinces including the Arctic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Malay Archipelago. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png Wikipedia, P. at E. (2007). English: Another diagram of the pH scale. Own work. PD release. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PH_scale_2.png Zander, “Jon. (2007). Pectinidé (il s’agit de la valve inférieure d’un gros pectinidé, pour moi Pecten maximus, la coquille Saint-Jacques, mais je ne suis pas un spécialiste et en plus on voit pas l’autre valve donc....). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unknown_Bivalve_Macro.JPG