Lawrence M. Krauss (2014) "Universe from NOTHING!" [FULL]

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1. A prima facie case that the physical world is a virtual reality
   
   One of the mysteries of our world is how every photon of light, every electron and quark, and indeed every point of space itself, seems to just “know” what to do at each moment. The mystery is that these tiniest parts of the universe have no mechanisms or structures by which to make such “decisions.” Yet if the world is a virtual reality, this problem disappears. Other examples of how a VR approach could illuminate current physics issues include:
   
   1. Virtual reality creation. A virtual reality usually arises from “nothing,” which matches how the big bang theory proposes our universe did arise (see next section).
   
   2. Maximum processing rate. The maximum speed a pixel in a virtual reality game can cross a screen is limited by the processing capacity of the computer running it. In general, a virtual world’s maximum event rate is fixed by the allocated processing capacity. In our world, the fixed maximum that comes to mind is the speed of light. That there is an absolute maximum speed could reflect a maximum information processing rate (see next section).
   
   3. Digital processing. If a world is virtual, everything in it must be digitized, and so discrete at the lowest level. Plank’s discovery that light is quantized (as photons) could then generalize not only to charge, spin and matter, but also to space-time. Discrete space-time avoids the mathematical infinities of continuous space-time, as loop quantum gravity theory argues [18].
   
   4. Non-local effects. The processing that creates a virtual world is not limited by the space of that world, e.g. a CPU drawing a screen is no “further” from any one part of the screen than any other. All screen points are equidistant with respect to the CPU, so VR processor effects can ignore screen distance, i.e. be non-local. If our universe is a three-dimensional “screen” it’s processing is “equidistant” to all points in the universe, so the non-local collapse of the quantum wave function could be such an effect.
   
   5. Processing load effects. On a distributed network, nodes with a high local workload will slow down, e.g. if a local server has many demands a video download may play slower than usual. Likewise a high matter concentration may constitute a high processing demand, so a massive body could slow down the information processing of space-time, causing space to “curve” and time to slow. Likewise, if faster movement requires more processing, speeds near light speed could affect space/time, causing time to “dilate” and space to extend. Relativity effects could then arise from local processing overloads.
   
   6. Information conservation. If a system inputs no new information after it starts, it must also not lose the information it has or it will “run down”. Our universe has not run down after an inconceivable number of microscopic interactions over 14+ billion years, so if it is made of information it must conserve it. If matter, energy, charge, momentum and spin are all information, all the conservation laws could reduce to one. Einstein’s transformation of matter into energy (e=mc2 ) would then be simply information going from one form to another. The only conservation law VR theory requires is that of information conservation.
   
   7. Algorithmic simplicity. If the world arises from finite information processing, it is necessary to keep frequent calculations simple. Indeed the core mathematical laws that describe our world are surprisingly simple: “The enormous usefulness of mathematics in the natural sciences is something bordering on the mysterious and there is no rational explanation for it.” [28] In VR theory physical laws are simple because they must actually be calculated.
   
   8. Choice creation. Information arises from a choice between options [29]. A mechanical or predictable choice is not really a choice in this sense. Einstein never accepted that quantum events were truly random, i.e. no prior world events could predict them. That a radioactive atom decays by pure chance, whenever “it decides” was to him unacceptable, as it was a physical event not predicted by another physical event. He argued that one day quantum random effects would be predicted by as yet unknown “hidden properties”. Yet if the source of quantum randomness is the VR processor, which is outside the physical world, this predicts that no hidden variables will ever be found.
   
   9. Complementary uncertainty. In Newtonian mechanics one can know both the position and momentum of objects, but for quantum objects Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle means one cannot know both at once. Knowing one property with 100% certainty makes the other entirely uncertain. This is not measurement “noise”, but a property of reality, e.g. measuring particle position displaces its momentum information, and vice-versa. In a similar way virtual reality “screens” are typically only calculated when they are viewed, i.e. when an interaction occurs [12]. If complementary object properties use the same memory location, the object can appear as having either position or momentum, but not both at once.
   
   10. Digital equivalence. Every digital symbol calculated by the same program is identical to every other, e.g. every “a” on this page identical to every other one because all arise from the same computer code. In computing terms, objects can be “instances” of a general class. Likewise every photon in the universe is exactly identical to every other photon, as is every electron, quark, etc. While the objects we see have individual properties, quantum objects like photons seem all pressed from identical moulds. VR theory suggests that this is so because each is created by the same digital calculation.
   
   11. Digital transitions. When one views a digital animation it looks continuous, but in fact it is a series of state transitions, e.g. a movie is a series of still frames run together fast enough to look like a continuous event. Yet if the projector is slowed down, one sees a series of still pictures. Quantum mechanics describes quantum interactions in similar terms, as state transitions. These transitions could explain quantum tunneling, where an electron at A suddenly appears at C without moving through the intervening area B which is impenetrable to it. While this is strange for an objective reality, in VR theory all object movement would be expected to be by state transitions.
   
   Individually none of the above short points is convincing, but taken together they constitute what a court might call circumstantial evidence, favoring virtual reality against objective reality. When coincidences mount up, they present a plausibility argument if not a proof. More powerful evidence is provided by cases which a VR theory explains easily but which OR approaches have great difficulty with. Two such cases are now given in more detail. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0801/0801.0337.pdf
2. Now they say there are a couple trillion galaxies. Things change in such a short time in science. :)
3. Important: is Krauss the smartest dumb guy or the dumbest smart guy in the entire visible English speaking world? More than half of me believes that I am a more practically aware and intelligent person.... The other bit is calling me a fuckin pathetic moron. I see both arguments as correct. Help me YouTube... I believe in you. Always. Merry Xmas xx
4. You have such a great mind.
5. I'm afraid I'm still a bit confused as to how these quantum particles can just "pop" into existance from nonexistence. I don't doubt that these particles do exist, as Lawrence does a great job explaining how we know they DO exist and that they do seemingly indeed come from nothing, but it's just HOW they can pop into existance from LITERALLY nothing that gets me. Does anybody have an explanation for me, or are we all in the same boat?
6. If one could reason with religious people, there would be no religious people.
7. No one knows ....... God wouldn't have to be logical or plausible or proven or even "possible"--- both the Garden of Eden and the our human math and science can be both true.............how not ?
8. Lawrence needs to find an intermediate form, a way of talking to the scientifically literate but without excessive reliance on equations, such that he doesn't spend so much time repeating what you and i already know quite well.
   
   26:30 - The buffoonery over the equation here is telling. Imagine a physicist saying, ah, if you can't see the equation it doesn't really matter. C'mon. C'mon.
9. Krauss's argument and others holding his position; notwithstanding their declarations, are no different then the ancient Greeks or Galileo contemporaries, who insist on thinking of man as a geocentric source for reasoning.
   
   They declare themselves, logical and scientific thinkers and therefore; relying on the infallibility of science, that any possibility outside of acceptable scientific thought if archaic thinking. They forget that it was the scientific of the day that declared the earth as the center of the universe and that the earth was flat. Based on the fact that these were scientific conclusions, those positions must still hold true, because scientific thought and conclusions are infallible, apparently .
10. This is brilliant. Bravo, Lawrence.
11. The Dark Star Cosmology Model – An Alternative to Inflation Theory *** In this Cosmological model the Big Bang is caused by a reversible, adiabatic reaction from a maximum energy phase of spacetime into a pure radiation phase consisting of grand-unified bosons and gravitons. This decay reaction occurs in flat spacetime. It is completed during the early part of the Planck Epoch so that by the Planck time what emerges is a flat, homogeneous radiation phase. The initial phase of spacetime is characterized by the Planck density and the highest attainable Hubble constant for flat spacetime. This initial state is completely homogenous and it may be a perfect crystalline state devoid of defects, i.e. a very low entropy state. The thermodynamic properties of the maximum energy phase of spacetime are given by the Planck units (T, P density, volume, mass, and a proposed value for the Planck entropy), which suggests that the fundamental constants of physics emerge from the thermodynamic properties of this phase of spacetime. In addition, the maximum energy phase of spacetime would form in the core of dark stars (black holes). The existence of a core allows the dark star to grow faster than it evaporates eventually reaching a critical size where it de-stabilizes and starts the rapid Big Bang expansion. This continued growth of dark stars may due to the interaction of strong magnetic fields produced by the core with the surrounding spacetime. For example, strong magnetic fields near the core could produce Higgs bosons from spacetime and these in turn decay into quarks and leptons that contribute new mass to the core. The Planck charge of the maximum energy spacetime quanta and the spinning of the core are the proposed cause of these fields. **** This Cosmology model is a type of multiverse system where all universe systems have the same basic evolution and bulk thermodynamic properties. Each universe produces billions or more of the seed dark stars that create future offspring universe systems. The growth of a seed probably takes several trillion years, which creates a great separation between any two seed dark stars. A multiverse system begins with a parent dark star. This parent may form from the collapse of a Bose-Einstein condensate of the ground state phase of spacetime, i.e. dark energy as the Cosmological constant. The BEC parent dark stars are expected to form in regions of the infinite ground state of spacetime which are remote (and unentangled  ?) from existing multiverse systems. In the dark star Cosmological model an infinite number of eternally reproducing multiverses exist within an infinite flat four dimensional spacetime which has the ground state energy density. These universe systems are never expected to collide. **** Spacetime is quantized by Planck volumes and its expansion is driven by the creation of new spacetime quanta. The rate of spacetime volume-quanta creation depends on its energy density. The Planck volume-quanta of flat spacetime form a geometric tiling that fills three dimensional space. The concept of the arrow of time could emerge from the irreversible expansion of pure spacetime in its flat ground state. A possible mechanism for this expansion could be analogous to the Casmir effect. Quantum fluctuations cause small density waves in the ground state phase. As a result of these waves the Planck volumes can undergo minute density changes on the order of the Planck time. However, about every 9 billion years constructive interference of these density waves produces a doubling of the ground state density within a Planck volume, i.e. a metastable state. This event triggers the creation of a new ground state spacetime quantum with the original flat density. The 9 billion year figure comes from the Hubble constant that is calculated from Relativity theory using the density of the ground state, e.g. Planck (2015) CMB studies. The above process also may be somewhat analogous to the spontaneous creation of quarks from the ground state by the action of the strong force. **** The connection of this picture of spacetime to string theory could be the result of a series of projections of the energy state within the Planck volume onto the 2-dimensional surfaces of the geometric tilling. Somewhat similar to the Holographic principle, the idea is that this projection can be made without any loss of information. Then we repeat this projection of the energy state from the 2-d surfaces onto the 1-d edges of the tilling element without any loss of information. It is the projected energy vibrations of these 1-d edges that would be described by a type of string-lattice theory or perhaps string network condensate theory.
12. how do you get all those theories, calculations and figures in nothing? is nothing non existence of anything or a sort of a non existential balance between hidden forces? but if there are forces locking each other in nothingness then when did this happen? and if it always was this how did the result take place before the process began?
13. Lawrence, have you been forgetting to take your medication again?
    
    Redefining 'nothing' to mean 'something' is not 'science', it's sophistry...
    
    The ridiculous lengths you pseudo-scientists will go to to deny basic logic shows you for what you truly are...
    
    If 'nothing' is 'something' then you have destroyed logic, science, knowledge & language - all in the name of 'science'. Your sophistry brings science into disrepute. What an utter douche you are.
    
    I'm pleased to see that 99% of commenters are not taken in by your femsplaining.
14. Universe couldn't come from nothing. What Lawrance said is wrong.
15. Sir, please explain how did the Property or Ability of Total-Empty Space to produce virtual particles out of Nothing came in to existence/originated?
16. Well, good news, the school that made that dinosaur quiz is closed now, and has been for 3 years, because it was a private christian school, they couldn't legally do anything about it.
17. here is a mathematical universal equation: 0=0, zero equals zero. nothing equals nothing. 0 does not equal 1. SO NOW how is it there are millions of DIFFERENT plants and animals and the location is conducive to life.
18. The anthropological reasons for religion, myth, gods, & folklore are obvious; they imaginatively make something out of nothing.
19. this leaves me with a lot more questions than answers, and to be honest it doesn't really prove a "god" of some kind wasn't needed. maybe it's too much for my mind to grasp at the moment, but it seems more like a fantasy to me. for example one of the slides mentioning gravity with particles and causing inflation. I thought gravity was really weak until you got to large structures like a planet. how is gravity with particles able to effect the universe on the small scale, and how is it interacting with the other 3 forces. Or is it the large expanse of space in the far reaches are pulling the matter away from the point, or into more space?
    
    I also don't understand the universe being flat, if it came from a point wouldn't it move out in a sphere like structure? And particles appearing out of nowhere does that mean (in the space in between objects), that new matter could just spawn?
20. the title of your dumb book is misleading
    
    get it right boy