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Elon Musk discusses the long-term technical challenges that need to be solved to support the creation of a permanent, self-sustaining human presence on Mars. The presentation focuses on potential architectures for sustaining humans on the Red Planet that industry, government and the scientific community can collaborate on in the years ahead. Overview: 00:00. Why Mars and become a multi-planetary civilization 05:55. Early exploration missions 09:15. Challenge 1: Full re-usability 11:17. Challenge 2: Refilling in orbit 12:31. Challenge 3: Mars propellant production 13:29. Challenge 4: Right Propellant 16:00. Mars Vehicle video 21:34. System architecture 23:25. Technical details 28:27. Vehicles by performance 31:38. Thruster & booster 36:27. Spaceship 39:34. Heat shield & Crew compartment 42:22. Costs & funding 45:45. History of SpaceX 52:34. Next… Dragon 2 on Mars in 2018 57:47. Raptor engine & carbon fibre tank 1:01:47. Beyond Mars Cringeworthy Q&A 1:04:41. Initial test flights of Mars Vehicle 1:06:30. Toilets on Mars 1:08:25. Who should be first to Mars 1:11:03. Risk of radiation 1:14:26. Hiring other nationalities at SpaceX 1:16:18. Returning from Mars 1:17:58. Why Mars? 1:20:58. Requirements to go to Mars 1:22:05. Resources 1:24:00. Elon in Space and Mars? 1:25:05. Interstellar travel 1:27:49. Cycler 1:29:25. Name of the first ship to go to Mars “Earth of Gold” Date: September 27, 2016 Elon was 45 years old