Author: SuperFlightlessBird
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Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, composition and the structure of the universe. This is a recent scientific discipline which began in the early twentieth century. In early 1920s, Edwin Hubble made a startling discovery that the all the galaxies were moving away from us at incredible speeds. Later in 1929, he developed his now famous Hubble's law with the help of the Luminosity Period relationship of Cepheid Variable stars. Theoretical science of cosmology started in the year 1915 with the publication of Eintein's theory of General Relativity. The theory of General Relativity is greatly successful in describing the geometry of the universe. It points toward the fact that the universe has a flat geometry and will consequently expand forever. This expansion is triggered by Dark Energy which is the most elusive form of energy. The density of the universe is less than the critical density, which can cause the universe to expand forever. In 1927, Georges Lemaitre published a paper describing the evolution of a closed universe - it includes a reference to Friedmann's earliest papers and Hubble's then unpublished observational data. Later, George Gamow and his collaborators took Lemaitre's idea and essentially developed the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis which is very successful in explaining the Hydrogen-Helium abundance in the universe and among other things. Fred Hoyle's Steady-State Universe fell in favour with the serendipitous discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation by two radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965. This discovery provides one of the strongest pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory. Note: I've provided most of the necessary references to the best of my knowledge.